A Dictionary of International Trade Organizations and Agreements

Absolute advantage

Abuse of a dominant position

Accountability

ACP (African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States)

Acquis communautaire

Action plan for the single market (EU)

Action Aid International

Advisory Centre for WTO Law (ACWL)

Africa Group

African Economic Community (AEC)

African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA)

African Union

Agadir Agreement

Agadir Technical Unit

Agency for International Trade Information and Cooperation (AITIC)

Agriculture

Aid for trade (also known as trade-related assistance)

Airbus–Boeing (subsidies)

ALBA (Alianza Bolivariana para los Pueblos de Nuestra América)

Alemán Gurdián, Juan Daniel

American Chambers of Commerce (AMCHAM)

Amicus curiae

Amsterdam, Treaty of

AMU (Arab Maghreb Union) (also often known as the UMA/Union du Maghreb Arabe)

AMU Court

AMU Monitoring Committee

AMU Secretariat General

AMU Supreme Council

Andean Commission

Andean Community (Spanish acronym: CAN)

Andean Community Council of Foreign Ministers

Andean Community-EU Association Agreement

Andean Community General Secretariat

Andean Community-Mercosur Free Trade Agreement

Andean Community Presidential Council

Andean Court of Justice

Andean Integration System

Andean Pact

Annecy Round

Anti-dumping

APTA (Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement)

APTA Ministerial Council

APTA Secretariat

APTA Standing Committee

Arab Common Market

Arab Cooperation Council

Arab NGO Network for Development (ANND)

Argentina (WTO member)

Article 133 Committee (EU)

ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations)

ASEAN-Australia/New Zealand Free Trade Area

ASEAN Comprehensive Investment Agreement (ACIA)

ASEAN dispute settlement system

ASEAN economic community

ASEAN-EU Free Trade Area

ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA)

ASEAN-GCC relations

ASEAN-India Regional Trade and Investment Area

ASEAN Investment Area (AIA)

ASEAN-Japan Free Trade Area

ASEAN-Mercosur relations

ASEAN Ministerials

ASEAN Secretariat

ASEAN Summit

ASEAN Trade in Goods Agreement (ATIGA)

Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM)

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)

Asian Trade Promotion Forum (ATPF)

Association Agreements

Asunción, Treaty of

Attiya, Abdul Rahman al-

Australia (WTO member)

Austria (WTO member)

Autarky

Automobiles (a dispute within Mercosur)

Automobile parts

Balance of trade

Bananas

Bangkok Agreement

Barroso, José Manuel

Battle of Seattle

Beef and rice (a trade dispute)

Belgium (WTO member)

Black Sea Economic Cooperation Pact

Blair House agreement

Bosman

Bound tariffs

Bovine meat

Bra wars

Brasilia, Protocol of

Brazil (WTO member)

Brazil and Argentina (dispute on Brazilian restrictive trade measures)

Bretton Woods

British Airways v. the European Commission

British beef

Broomcorn brooms

Business Europe

Buy America

CAFTA-DR (Dominican Republic-Central America-United States Free Trade Agreement)

Cairns Group

CAN

Canada (WTO member)

Cancún Ministerial

Capacity-building

Caribbean Basin Initiative

Caribbean Free Trade Association (CARIFTA)

CARICOM (Caribbean Community)

CARICOM Single Market and Economy (CSME)

CARIFORUM

Carrington, Edwin Wilberforce

Cartagena Agreement

Cassis de Dijon

CEEAC

CEFTA (Central European Free Trade Agreement 2006)

CEFTA dispute settlement

CEFTA Joint Committee

CEFTA Secretariat

CEMAC (Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa—French acronym)

CEMAC Customs Union

CEMAC institutional architecture

CEN-SAD/Community of Sahel-Saharan States

Central America-EU Association Agreement

Central American Common Market (CACM)

Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR)

Central Asian Cooperation Organization (also known as the Organization of Central Asian Cooperation)

Central Asian Economic Community

Chambas, Mohamed ibn

China, People's Republic of (WTO member)

China-ASEAN Agreement on Trade in Goods

China-ASEAN Agreement on Trade in Services

China-ASEAN Free Trade Area

CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States)

CIS Customs Union

CIS Free Trade Agreement (CISFTA)

Civil aircraft, WTO agreement on

Civil society

Classical trade theory

Coalitions

Cocoa

Coffee

Cohesion Fund

Colombia (WTO member)

Colombo Sierra, Agustín

COMECON (Council of Mutual Economic Assistance)

COMESA (Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa)

COMESA Authority

COMESA Council of Ministers

COMESA Court of Justice

COMESA Customs Union

COMESA Free Trade Area (FTA)

COMESA Secretariat

Comitology (EU)

Committee of Professional Agricultural Organisations (COPA) (Europe)

Committee on Trade and Development (WTO)

Committee on Trade and the Environment (WTO)

Common agricultural policy (CAP)

Common commercial policy (EU)

Common economic space (within the former USSR)

Common Fund for Commodities (CFC)

Common market

Commonwealth

Commonwealth of Independent States

Comparative advantage

Competition policy

CONCORD (European NGO Confederation for Relief and Development)

Conditionality

Confederation of Asia-Pacific Chambers of Commerce and Industry (CACCI)

Constructivism

Consumers International (CI)

Core group of developing countries

COREPER

Cotonou Agreement

Cotton 4

Council of Arab Economic Unity

Council of Ministers (EU)

Council of the European Union (formerly known as the Council of Ministers)

Council for Trade in Goods (WTO)

Council for Trade in Services (WTO)

Council on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights/Council on TRIPS (WTO)

Countervailing duties

Countervailing measures

Cross-border trucking

Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity Act

Customs disputes

Customs union

Dairy products

De Gucht, Karel

Democracy

Democratic deficit

Denmark (WTO member)

Dependency theory

Developing countries

Diamonds

Dillon Round

Directives (EU)

Dispute settlement

Doha Declaration

Doha Development Round

Doha Ministerial

Dumping

Duties

EAC (East African Community)

EAC Common Market

EAC Co-ordination Committee

EAC Council of Ministers

EAC Customs Union

EAC Secretariat

EAC Summit

East African Court of Justice

East Asia Free Trade Area (ASEAN+3)

East Asian Community

EC

ECCAS (Economic Community of Central African States)

ECO (Economic Cooperation Organization)

ECO Trade Agreement (ECOTA)

Economic Agreement (of the GCC/Gulf Cooperation Council)

Economic and Social Committee (EU)

Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs)

ECOSOC (Economic and Social Council of the United Nations)

ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States)

ECOWAS Authority of Heads of State and Government

ECOWAS Commission

ECOWAS Council of Ministers

ECOWAS Court of Justice

ECOWAS customs union

ECOWAS-WAEMU

EEA (European Economic Area)

EFTA (European Free Trade Area)

EFTA Court

EFTA external trade agreements

EFTA-GCC Free Trade Agreement

EFTA-SACU

EFTA Surveillance Authority

Egypt (WTO member)

Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) (EU)

Endogenous tariff theory

Energy Charter Treaty (ECT)

Energy products

Energy services

Enhanced integrated framework (EIF)

Essential elements

EU (European Union)

EU bilateral trade agreements

EU-CARIFORUM EPA

EU-Central Africa EPA

EU-East African Community EPA

EU/European Communities nomenclature

EU enlargement

EU-Pacific EPA

EU-Southern African Development Community (SADC) EPA

EU-Eastern and Southern Africa (ESA) EPA

EU-West Africa EPA

Eurasec (EurAsian Economic Community)

Eurasec Court

Eurasec Customs Union

Eurasec Customs Union Commission

Eurasec Integration Committee

Eurasec Interstate Council

Euratom

Euro

Euro-Mediterranean Association Agreements

Euro-Mediterranean dispute settlement

Euro-Mediterranean Free Trade Area (EMFTA)

Euro-Mediterranean Partnership (EMP)

Euro-Mediterranean Trade Ministerials

European Central Bank (ECB)

European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)

European Commission

European Communities

European Council

European Court of Justice (ECJ)

European Economic Community (EEC)

European Free Trade Area

European Parliament

European Services Forum (ESF)

European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC)

European Union

Eurostep (European Solidarity Towards Equal Participation of Peoples)

Eurozone

Everything But Arms initiative (EBA)

Fair trade

Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International (FLO)

Fast track authority/Trade promotion authority

Finland (WTO member)

Fish

Footwear (an anti-dumping dispute)

Foreign direct investment (FDI)

Forum Island Countries (FICs)

France (WTO member)

Free-riders

Free trade agreement (FTA)

Free Trade Agreement of the Americas (FTAA)

Free trade area

Friends of Ambition

Friends of Fish

Friends of Multifunctionality

G-10

G-20 (of developing countries)

G-33

G-90

Gambling

Game theory

GATT (The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)

GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council)

GCC common currency

GCC Common Market

GCC Customs Union

GCC dispute settlement

GCC-EU Free Trade Agreement

GCC-Mercosur

GCC Ministerial Council

GCC Secretariat

GCC Supreme Council

Gender

Geneva Ministerial

Geneva Ministerial (2)

Geneva Round (1)

Geneva Round (2)

Germany (WTO member)

Ghebo, James Victor

Gleneagles Summit

Global Campaign for Action against Poverty (GCAP)

Global civil society

Global governance

Global System of Trade Preferences among Developing Countries (GSTP)

Global Unions

Globalization

GMOs (Genetically modified organisms)

Government Procurement, WTO Agreement on

Grains/Grains Trade Convention

Greater-Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) (also known as the Pan-Arab Free Trade Area/PAFTA)

Greater-Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) membership

Greece (WTO member)

Green room

Greenpeace

Group of 3

Group of Small and Vulnerable Economies (SVE)

GSP (Generalized system of preferences)

GUAM

Gulf Cooperation Council

Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System, (International Convention on the)

Havana Charter

Heckscher-Ohlin Model

Helms-Burton Act

Hemispheric Social Alliance/HSA (Alianza Social Continental)

Hong Kong Ministerial

Human development

Human rights

IGAD (Intergovernmental Authority on Development)

IMF (International Monetary Fund)

Implementation issues (WTO)

India (WTO member)

Indonesia (WTO member)

Infant industry argument

Information Technology Agreement (WTO)

Initialling

Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy (IATP)

Integrated framework

Interdependence

Intergovernmental

Internal market (EU)

International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)

International Chamber of Commerce (ICC)

International Coalition for Development Action (ICDA)

International commodity agreements (ICA)

International commodity bodies

International Court of Justice (ICJ)

International Gender and Trade Network (ITGN)

International Labour Organization (ILO)

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

International regime

International Trade Centre (ITC)

International Trade Organization

International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC)

Interregional trade agreements

Intra-firm trade

Intra-industry trade

IOC (Indian Ocean Commission)

Iran

Iran and Libya Sanctions Act

Ireland, Republic of (WTO member)

Israel (WTO member)

Italy (WTO member)

ITUC Africa

Japan (WTO member)

Jara, Alexandro

Kennedy Round

Kimberley Process

Kirk, Ronald

Korea, Republic of (South Korea—WTO member)

Lamy, Pascal

Latin American Free Trade Association

Latin American Integration Association (Spanish acronym ALADI)

Least developed countries (LDCs)

Legal personality

Legalization

Liberal institutionalism

Liberal intergovernmentalism

Like-minded Group (of developing countries)

Lisbon, Treaty of

List, Georg Friedrich

Lomé Conventions

Maastricht, Treaty of

MAI (Multilateral Agreement on Investment)

Malaysia (WTO member)

Mandelson, Peter (Lord Mandelson)

Market economy status

Marrakech, Treaty of

Mercantilism

Mercosur

Mercosur Common Automobile Regime

Mercosur Common Market Council

Mercosur Common Market Group

Mercosur dispute settlement

Mercosur-EU Free Trade Agreement

Mercosur-EU Inter-regional Framework Cooperation Agreement

Mercosur-SACU preferential trade agreement

Mercosur Secretariat

Mercosur Trade Commission

Metalclad

Methanex

Mexico (WTO member)

MFA (Multifibre arrangement)

Middle East Free Trade Area (MEFTA)

Millennium Round

Modalities

Moore, Michael

Moremi, Tswelopele Cornelia

Most favoured nation (MFN)

Mutual recognition

NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)

NAFTA Commission

NAFTA dispute settlement

NAFTA Free Trade Commission

NAFTA Secretariat

National treatment

Natural rubber

Neoclassical trade theory

Neo-functionalism

Neoliberalism

Netherlands (WTO member)

Ngwenya, Sindiso Ndema

Nice, Treaty of

Nigeria (WTO member)

Non-agricultural market access (NAMA)

Non-tariff barriers (NTBs)

Noor, Muhamad

Normative trade theory

North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation (NAAEC)

North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation (NAALC)

North American Free Trade Agreement

Norway (WTO member)

OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development)

Oil

Olive oil and table olives

Olivos, Protocol of

OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)

Optimum currency area (OCA)

Ouro Preto, Protocol of

Oxfam International

Pacer (Pacific Agreement On Closer Economic Relations)

Pacer Plus

Pacific Islands Forum

Pan-Arab Free Trade Area (PAFTA)

Pan-Euro-Mediterranean Cumulation Of Origin System

Pan-European Cumulation Of Origin

Panitchpakdi, Supachai

Paper Pulp (A Mercosur Dispute)

Patents Dispute (Usa And India)

Pharmaceuticals Dispute

Picta (Pacific Island Countries Trade Agreement)

Pitsuwan, Surin

Plurilateral Agreements

Poland (WTO Member)

Portugal (WTO Member)

Preferential Trade Agreements

Procurement (A Trade Dispute)

Protectionism

Public Services International (PSI)

Quotas

Realism/Neo-Realism

Reciprocity

Regional Integration

Regionalism

Regionalization

Regulations (Eu)

Rent Seeking

Rome, Treaty Of

Rounds (Wto/Gatt)

Ruggiero, Renato

Rules Of Origin

Russia

SAARC (South Asian Association For Regional Cooperation)

SAARC Agreement On Trade In Services

SAARC Secretariat

SACU (Southern Africa Customs Union)

SACU Council Of Ministers

SACU Customs Union Commission

SACU Secretariat

SACU Tariff Board

SACU Tribunal

SADC (Southern African Development Community)

SADC Committee Of Ministers Responsible For Trade

Sadc Dispute Settlement

SADC Free Trade Area (Fta)

SADC Protocol On Trade In Services

SADC Secretariat

SADC Summit

SADC Trade Negotiation Forum

Safeguards

Safeguard Measures on Textiles (A Mercosur Dispute)

SAFTA (South Asian Free Trade Area)

SAFTA Council Of Ministers

SAFTA Dispute Settlement System

SalomãO, TomáZ Augosto

Sanitary and Phytosanitary Standards

SAPTA/SAARC Preferential Trading Arrangement

Saudi Arabia (WTO Member)

S.D. Myers Case

Seattle Ministerial

Sendanyoye Rugwabiza, Valentine

Services Directive (Eu)

SICA (Central American System Of Integration, Known By The Spanish Acronym)

SIECA (Secretariat For Central American Integration)

Singapore Issues

Singapore Ministerial

Singh, Harsha Vardhana

Single European Act (SEA)

Single Market (EU/European Communities)

Single Undertaking

SLIM (Simpler Legislation For The Internal Market) (EU)

Smoot-Hawley Tariff

Softwood Lumber Agreement

South Africa (WTO Member)

South Korea

Southern Africa Customs Union

Southern African Development Community

Spain (WTO Member)

SPARTECA (South Pacific Regional Trade And Economic Cooperation Agreement)

Special and Differential Treatment (S&Dt)

Stabex and Sysmin

Standards and Trade Development Facility

State Aid

Steel Safeguards

Strategic Trade Theory

Structural Funds (EU)

Structuralism

Subsidies

Sucre, Protocol of

Sugar

Supranational

Sweden (WTO Member)

Switzerland (WTO Member)

Tariff

Tariff Codes/Tariff Classification

Tariff Escalation

Tariff Peaks

Tariffication

Telecommunications Services (A Dispute Between the USA and Mexico)

Textiles

Thailand (WTO Member)

Tin

Tokyo Round

Torquay Round

Trade Diversion and Trade Creation

Trade Facilitation

Trade Facilitation Facility

Trade In Services

Trade Negotiations Committee (TNC)

Trade Policy Review Mechanism

Trade-Related Assistance

Trade Trap

Trademarks (Dispute)

Trans Regional Eu-Asean Trade Initiative (TREATI)

Transaction Costs

Transatlantic Economic Council (TEC)

Transparency

TRIMS (Trade-Related Investment Measures)

Tripartite Agreement Between the EAC, COMESA and SADC

Trips (Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights)

Tropical Agricultural Products

Tropical Timber

Trujillo, Protocol of

Turkey (WTO Member)

TWN (Third World Network)

Two-Level Game

UEAC (L'Union Economique de I'Afrique Centrale)

UEMOA

UN (United Nations)

UNASUR

UNCITRAL (United Nations Commission on International Trade Law)

UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development)

UNICE

Unified Economic Agreement (of the GCC)

Union Economique et Monétaire Ouest Africaine (UEMOA)

Union for the Mediterranean (UfM)

Union of South American Nations (Spanish acronym UNASUR)

United Arab Emirates (UAE) (WTO member)

United Kingdom (WTO member)

Upland Cotton

Uruguay Round

US Chamber of Commerce

USA (United States of America) (WTO member)

Van Gend en Loos

Variable geometry

Venezuela (WTO Member)

Voluntary Export Restraints (VERs)

WAEMU (West African Economic and Monetary Union)

WAEMU Commission

WAEMU Conference Of Heads Of State And Government

WAEMU Council Of Ministers

WAEMU Court Of Justice

WAEMU Customs Union

World Bank

World Customs Organization (WCO)

World Fair Trade Organization (WFTO)

World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)

World Trade Organization

Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF)

WTO (World Trade Organization)

WTO Accession

WTO Agreement on Anti-Dumping Practices

WTO Agreement on Customs Valuation

WTO Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures

WTO Agreement on Pre-Shipment Inspection

WTO Agreement on Rules of Origin (ROO)