ABSTRACT
On its first appearance in 1960, the Concise Encyclopedia of Western Philosophy established itself as a classic; this third edition builds on its original strengths but brings it completely up to date. The Concise Encyclopedia offers a lively, readable, comprehensive and authoritative treatment of Western philosophy as a whole, incorporating scintillating articles by many leading philosophical authors. It serves not only as a convenient reference work, but also as an engaging introduction to philosophy.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
letter 1A|43 pages
entry |1 pages
Abelard, Peter (c.1079–1142)
entry |1 pages
Academy
entry |2 pages
Adorno, Theodor W. (1903–69)
entry |1 pages
Aenesidemus
entry |3 pages
Aesthetics
entry |3 pages
‘African Philosophy’
entry |2 pages
Albert the Great (1206–80)
entry |1 pages
Alembert, Jean le Rond d' (1717–83)
entry |1 pages
Alexander, Samuel (1859–1938)
entry |2 pages
Alienation
entry |2 pages
Althusser, Louis (1918–90)
entry |3 pages
American Philosophy
entry |4 pages
Analysis
entry |2 pages
Analytic
entry |3 pages
Analytic Philosophy
entry |1 pages
Analytical Marxism
entry |1 pages
Anaxagoras
entry |2 pages
Anaximander
entry |1 pages
Anaximenes
entry |1 pages
Anderson, John (1893–1962)
entry |4 pages
Animals
entry |2 pages
Anscombe, G. E. M. (1919–2001)
entry |1 pages
Anselm of Canterbury (1033–1109)
entry |2 pages
Antisthenes (c.444 to c.366 BC)
entry |1 pages
A posteriori
entry |2 pages
Applied Ethics
entry |2 pages
A priori
entry |4 pages
Aquinas,Thomas (c.1225–74)
entry |1 pages
Arcesilaus of Pitane
entry |1 pages
Arendt, Hannah (1906–75)
entry |2 pages
Aristippus of Cyrene (c.435–356 BC)
entry |8 pages
Aristotle (384–322 BC)
entry |1 pages
Arnauld, Antoine (1612–94)
entry |3 pages
Atomism
entry |3 pages
Augustine (354–430)
entry |1 pages
Aurelius
entry |1 pages
Austin, John Langshaw (1911–60)
entry |2 pages
Averroes (1126–98)
entry |2 pages
Avicenna (980–1037)
entry |2 pages
Ayer, Sir Alfred Jules (1910–89)
letter 44B|24 pages
entry |1 pages
Bachelard, Gaston (1884–1962)
entry |4 pages
Bacon, Francis (1561–1626)
entry |2 pages
Bacon, Roger (c.1214–c. 1292)
entry |1 pages
Barth, Karl (1886–1968)
entry |1 pages
Barthes, Roland (1915–80)
entry |1 pages
Bataille, Georges (1897–1962)
entry |1 pages
Beauty
entry |2 pages
Beauvoir, Simone de (1908–86)
entry |1 pages
Behaviourism
entry |1 pages
Being
entry |1 pages
Benjamin, Walter (1892–1940)
entry |2 pages
Bentham, Jeremy (1748–1832)
entry |1 pages
Berdyaev, Nicholas (1874–1948)
entry |1 pages
Bergmann, Gustav (1906–87)
entry |4 pages
Bergson, Henri Louis (1859–1941)
entry |6 pages
Berkeley,George (1685–1753)
entry |1 pages
Berlin, Isaiah (1909–97)
entry |1 pages
Bioethics
entry |1 pages
Black, Max (1909–88)
entry |1 pages
Blanshard, Brand (1892–1987)
entry |1 pages
Bloch, Ernst (1885–1977)
entry |1 pages
Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus (c.480–c.524)
entry |2 pages
Bonaventura (1221–74)
entry |1 pages
Boole, George (1815–64)
entry |2 pages
Bosanquet, Bernard (1848–1923)
entry |1 pages
Boyle, Robert (1627–91)
entry |2 pages
Bradley, Francis Herbert (1846–1924)
entry |2 pages
Braithwaite, Richard Bevan (1900–88)
entry |1 pages
Brandom, Robert (1950– )
entry |1 pages
Brentano, Franz (1838–1916)
entry |1 pages
Broad, Charlie Dunbar (1887–1971)
entry |1 pages
Buber, Martin (1878–1965)
entry |2 pages
Burke, Edmund (1729–97)
entry |2 pages
Butler, Joseph (1692–1752)
letter 68C|17 pages
entry |1 pages
Cajetan, Thomas de Vio (1468–1534)
entry |2 pages
Cambridge Platonists
entry |1 pages
Canguilhem, Georges (1904–95)
entry |1 pages
Cantor, Georg (1845–1918)
entry |3 pages
Carnap, Rudolf (1891–1970)
entry |1 pages
Carneades (c.213–c.129 BC)
entry |1 pages
Cartesianism
entry |1 pages
Cassirer, Ernst (1874–1945)
entry |1 pages
Categorical Imperative
entry |2 pages
Categories
entry |1 pages
Cavell, Stanley (1926– )
entry |1 pages
Chomsky, Noam (1928– )
entry |2 pages
Chrysippus (c.280–207 BC)
entry |1 pages
Church, Alonzo (1903–95)
entry |1 pages
Cicero, Marcus Tullius (106–43 BC)
entry |1 pages
Clarke, Samuel (1675–1729)
entry |1 pages
‘Cogito ergo sum’
entry |2 pages
Cohen, Morris R. (1880–1947)
entry |1 pages
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor (1772–1834)
entry |2 pages
Collingwood, Robin George (1889–1943)
entry |1 pages
Communitarianism
entry |2 pages
Comte, Isidore-Auguste-Marie-François-Xavier (1796–1857)
entry |2 pages
Conceptualism
entry |1 pages
Condillac, Étienne Bonnot de (1715–80)
entry |2 pages
Condorcet, Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas Caritat, Marquis de (1743–94)
entry |2 pages
Continental Philosophy
entry |1 pages
Contract, Social
entry |1 pages
Cook Wilson
entry |1 pages
Cosmogony
entry |1 pages
Cosmological Argument
entry |1 pages
Cratylus
entry |1 pages
Critical Philosophy
entry |1 pages
Critical Theory
entry |2 pages
Croce, Benedetto (1866–1952)
entry |2 pages
Cudworth, Ralph (1617–88)
entry |2 pages
Cynicism
entry |2 pages
Cyrenaics
letter 85D|20 pages
entry |1 pages
Damascius
entry |1 pages
Danto, Arthur C. (1924– )
entry |1 pages
Darwin, Charles (1809–82)
entry |2 pages
Davidson, Donald (1917–2003)
entry |1 pages
de Beauvoir, Simone
entry |1 pages
Deconstruction
entry |1 pages
Deduction
entry |1 pages
Deism
entry |2 pages
Deleuze, Gilles (1925–95)
entry |1 pages
Democritus
entry |1 pages
Dennett, Daniel (1942– )
entry |1 pages
Deontology
entry |2 pages
Derrida, Jacques (1930– )
entry |7 pages
Descartes, René (1596–1650)
entry |1 pages
Determinism
entry |3 pages
Dewey, John (1859–1952)
entry |2 pages
Dialectic
entry |3 pages
Dialectical Materialism
entry |1 pages
Diderot, Denis (1713–84)
entry |2 pages
Dilthey, Wilhelm (1833–1911)
entry |1 pages
Diogenes of Apollonia
entry |2 pages
Diogenes of Sinope
entry |1 pages
Diogenes Laertius
entry |1 pages
Dogmatism
entry |2 pages
Dualism
entry |1 pages
Duhem, Pierre (1861–1916)
entry |1 pages
Dummett, Michael (1925– )
letter 105E|28 pages
entry |1 pages
Edwards, Jonathan (1703–58)
entry |2 pages
Eleatics
entry |1 pages
Emerson, Ralph Waldo (1803–82)
entry |1 pages
Emotivism
entry |1 pages
Empedocles
entry |4 pages
Empiricism
entry |3 pages
Encyclopedists
entry |1 pages
Engels, Friedrich (1820–95)
entry |1 pages
Epictetus (c.55–c.135 AD)
entry |2 pages
Epicurus (342–270 BC)
entry |9 pages
Epistemology
entry |1 pages
Erigena, John Scotus (c.810–c.877)
entry |11 pages
Ethics
entry |2 pages
Evil
entry |2 pages
Existentialism
letter 133F|9 pages
entry |2 pages
Fallacy
entry |1 pages
Fatalism
entry |1 pages
Feminism
entry |1 pages
Feuerbach, Ludwig Andreas (1804–72)
entry |1 pages
Feyerabend, Paul (1924–94)
entry |2 pages
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb (1762–1814)
entry |1 pages
Fodor, Jerry (1935– )
entry |1 pages
Foot, Philippa (1920–)
entry |2 pages
Foucault, Michel (1926–84)
entry |1 pages
Frankfurt School
entry |2 pages
Freedom of the Will
entry |5 pages
Frege, Gottlob (1848–1929)
entry |1 pages
Freud, Sigmund (1856–1939)
entry |1 pages
Functionalism
letter 142G|7 pages
entry |1 pages
Gadamer, Hans-Georg (1900–2002)
entry |2 pages
Gassendi, Pierre (1592–1655)
entry |3 pages
Gender
entry |1 pages
Gentile, Giovanni (1875–1944)
entry |1 pages
Geulincz, Arnold (1624–1669)
entry |1 pages
Gilson, Etienne Henri (1884–1978)
entry |1 pages
Glanvill, Joseph (1636–1680)
entry |1 pages
Gödel, Kurt (1906–78)
entry |2 pages
Goodman, Nelson (1906–98)
entry |2 pages
Gramsci, Antonio (1891–1937)
entry |2 pages
Green, Thomas Hill (1836–82)
letter 149H|28 pages
entry |2 pages
Habermas, Jürgen (1929– )
entry |1 pages
Hackenschmidt, George (1878–1968)
entry |1 pages
Hacking, Ian (1936– )
entry |2 pages
Hamilton, Sir William (1788–1856)
entry |1 pages
Hampshire, Stuart (1914–2004)
entry |1 pages
Hare, Richard Mervyn (1919–2002)
entry |1 pages
Hart, Herbert L. A. (1907–92)
entry |1 pages
Hartmann, Karl-Robert-Eduard von (1842–1906)
entry |2 pages
Hartmann, Nicolai (1882–1950)
entry |1 pages
Hazlitt, William (1778–1830)
entry |1 pages
Hedonism
entry |5 pages
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770–1831)
entry |3 pages
Heidegger, Martin (1889–1976)
entry |2 pages
Heraclitus
entry |1 pages
Hermeneutics
entry |1 pages
Hesiod
entry |1 pages
Hilbert, David (1862–1943)
entry |1 pages
Historical Materialism
entry |1 pages
Historicism
entry |4 pages
History of Philosophy
entry |5 pages
Hobbes, Thomas (1588–1679)
entry |1 pages
Hocking, William Ernest (1873–1966)
entry |1 pages
Holbach, Baron d' (1723–89)
entry |2 pages
Holism
entry |1 pages
Hook, Sidney (1902–89)
entry |1 pages
Horkheimer, Max (1895–1973)
entry |2 pages
Humanism
entry |7 pages
Hume, David (1711–76)
entry |3 pages
Husserl, Edmund (1859–1938)
entry |1 pages
Hutcheson, Francis (1694–1747)
entry |1 pages
Huxley, Thomas Henry (1825–95)
letter 177I|6 pages
entry |1 pages
Iamblichus
entry |4 pages
Idealism
entry |2 pages
Ideas
entry |1 pages
Identity
entry |2 pages
Ideology
entry |1 pages
Induction
entry |1 pages
Intentionality
letter 183J|5 pages
entry |2 pages
James, William (1842–1910)
entry |2 pages
Jaspers, Karl (1883–1969)
entry |1 pages
Jevons, William Stanley (1835–82)
entry |1 pages
John of Paris (c.1269–1306)
entry |2 pages
Jonas, Hans (1903–93)
entry |2 pages
Jurisprudence
letter 188K|11 pages
entry |8 pages
Kant, Immanuel (1724–1804)
entry |2 pages
Kierkegaard, Søren Aabye (1813–55)
entry |1 pages
Knowledge
entry |1 pages
Kojève, Alexandre (1900–68)
entry |1 pages
Kripke, Saul (1940– )
entry |2 pages
Kuhn, Thomas S. (1922–96)
letter 199L|26 pages
entry |1 pages
Lacan, Jacques (1901–81)
entry |1 pages
Lakatos, Imré (1922–74)
entry |1 pages
Language
entry |1 pages
Law
entry |5 pages
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm (1646–1716)
entry |2 pages
Lenin,Ulyanov V.I.(1870–1924)
entry |1 pages
Leucippus
entry |2 pages
Levinas, Emmanuel (1906–95)
entry |1 pages
Lévi-Strauss, Claude (1908– )
entry |1 pages
Lewis, Clarence I. (1883–1964)
entry |2 pages
Lewis, David (1941–2001)
entry |2 pages
Liberalism and Communitarianism
entry |1 pages
Libertarianism
entry |1 pages
‘Linguistic Turn’
entry |5 pages
Locke, John (1632–1704)
entry |7 pages
Logic
entry |1 pages
Logical Atomism
entry |7 pages
Logical Positivism
entry |1 pages
Lucretius, Titus Lucretius Carus (98–55 BC)
entry |2 pages
Lukács, Georg (1885–1971)
entry |1 pages
Lyotard, Jean-François (1924–98)
letter 225M|37 pages
entry |1 pages
McDowell, John (1942– )
entry |2 pages
Mach, Ernst (1838–1916)
entry |1 pages
Machiavelli, Niccolò (1469–1527)
entry |1 pages
MacIntyre, Alasdair (1929– )
entry |2 pages
Mackie, John L. (1917–81)
entry |1 pages
McTaggart, John Ellis (1866–1925)
entry |1 pages
Maimonides (1135–1204)
entry |1 pages
Malebranche, Nicolas (1638–1715)
entry |1 pages
Manicheism
entry |1 pages
Marcel, Gabriel (1889–1973)
entry |1 pages
Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (121–180)
entry |1 pages
Marcuse, Herbert (1898–1979)
entry |2 pages
Maritain, Jacques (1882–1973)
entry |3 pages
Marx, Karl Heinrich (1818–83)
entry |1 pages
Material mode
entry |3 pages
Materialism
entry |3 pages
Mathematics
entry |2 pages
Medieval Philosophy
entry |3 pages
Meinong, Alexius (1853–1920)
entry |2 pages
Merleau-Ponty, Maurice (1907–61)
entry |1 pages
Metaphilosophy
entry |3 pages
Metaphor
entry |8 pages
Metaphysics
entry |2 pages
Mill, James (1773–1836)
entry |5 pages
Mill, John Stuart (1806–73)
entry |4 pages
Mind
entry |1 pages
Miracles
entry |1 pages
Mises, Richard von (1883–1953)
entry |1 pages
Modernism
entry |1 pages
Modernity
entry |1 pages
Monads
entry |2 pages
Monism
entry |1 pages
Montaigne, Michel de (1533–92)
entry |1 pages
Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat (1689–1755)
entry |3 pages
Moore, George Edward (1873–1958)
entry |1 pages
More, Henry (1614–87)
entry |1 pages
More, Thomas (1477–1535)
entry |1 pages
Morris, Charles (1901–79)
letter 262N|10 pages
entry |1 pages
Nagel, Ernest (1901–85)
entry |1 pages
Nagel, Thomas (1937– )
entry |1 pages
Natural Law
entry |1 pages
Naturalism
entry |1 pages
Negative Theology
entry |4 pages
Neoplatonism
entry |2 pages
Neo-Thomism
entry |1 pages
Neurath, Otto (1882–1945)
entry |2 pages
Newton, Isaac (1642–1727)
entry |4 pages
Nietzsche, Friedrich (1844–1900)
entry |1 pages
Nominalism
entry |2 pages
Nozick, Robert (1938–2002)
letter 272O|1 pages
entry |1 pages
Occasionalism
entry |1 pages
Ockham
entry |1 pages
Ontological Argument
entry |1 pages
Ontology
letter 273P|50 pages
entry |1 pages
Pantheism
entry |2 pages
Parmenides
entry |1 pages
Pascal, Blaise (1623–62)
entry |1 pages
Peano, Giuseppe (1858–1932)
entry |1 pages
Pearson, Karl (1857–36)
entry |4 pages
Peirce, Charles Sanders (1839–1914)
entry |1 pages
Peripatetic
entry |2 pages
Personal Identity
entry |1 pages
Peter Lombard (c.1095–c.1160)
entry |1 pages
Peter of Spain
entry |3 pages
Phenomenalism
entry |3 pages
Phenomenology
entry |3 pages
Philosophy of Mind
entry |6 pages
Philosophy of Science
entry |1 pages
Physicalism
entry |8 pages
Plato (c.427–347 BC)
entry |3 pages
Plotinus (205–70)
entry |1 pages
Political Economy
entry |5 pages
Political Philosophy
entry |2 pages
Popper, Karl R. (1902–94)
entry |1 pages
Porphyry (c.232–c.305)
entry |4 pages
Positivism
entry |1 pages
Postmodernism
entry |1 pages
Post-structuralism
entry |2 pages
Pragmatism
entry |1 pages
Predestination
entry |1 pages
Prescriptivism
entry |10 pages
Pre-Socratics
entry |1 pages
Price, Henry Habberley (1899–1984)
entry |1 pages
Price, Richard (1723–91)
entry |1 pages
Prichard, Harold Arthur (1871–1947)
entry |1 pages
Probability
entry |1 pages
Proclus
entry |2 pages
Protagoras
entry |2 pages
Psychoanalysis
entry |1 pages
Putnam, Hilary (1926– )
entry |1 pages
Pyrrho of Elis (c.360–c.270 BC)
entry |1 pages
Pythagoras
entry |1 pages
Pythagoreans
letter 323Q|3 pages
entry |1 pages
Qualities
entry |1 pages
Quantum Mechanics
entry |3 pages
Quine, Willard V. O. (1908–2000)
entry |1 pages
Quinton, Anthony (1925– )
letter 326R|18 pages
entry |1 pages
Ramsey, Frank P. (1903–30)
entry |1 pages
Rationalism
entry |2 pages
Rawls, John (1921–2002)
entry |2 pages
Realism
entry |1 pages
Reductio ad absurdum
entry |2 pages
Reid, Thomas (1710–96)
entry |1 pages
Reification
entry |3 pages
Relativism
entry |1 pages
Relativity
entry |2 pages
Religion
entry |2 pages
Ricoeur, Paul (1913– )
entry |1 pages
Rights
entry |2 pages
Rorty, Richard (1931– )
entry |1 pages
Ross,W.David (1877–1971)
entry |3 pages
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques (1712–78)
entry |1 pages
Royce, Josiah (1855–1916)
entry |7 pages
Russell, Bertrand Arthur William (1872–1970)
entry |2 pages
Ryle, Gilbert (1900–76)
letter 344S|30 pages
entry |1 pages
Saint-Simon, Claude-Henri de Rouvroy, Comte de (1760–1825)
entry |1 pages
Santayana, George (1863–1952)
entry |3 pages
Sartre, Jean-Paul (1905–80)
entry |1 pages
Saussure, Ferdinand de (1857–1913)
entry |4 pages
Scepticism
entry |2 pages
Sceptics
entry |2 pages
Schelling, Friedrich W. J. (1775–1854)
entry |2 pages
Schiller, Ferdinand Canning Scott (1864–1937)
entry |1 pages
Schiller, Friedrich (1759–1805)
entry |1 pages
Schleiermacher, Friedrich (1768–1834)
entry |2 pages
Schlick, Friedrich Albert Moritz (1882–1936)
entry |1 pages
Scholasticism
entry |2 pages
Schopenhauer, Arthur (1788–1860)
entry |1 pages
Scotus, John Duns (c.1266–1308)
entry |1 pages
Searle, John (1932– )
entry |2 pages
Sellars, Wilfrid (1912–89)
entry |1 pages
Semiology
entry |1 pages
Seneca, Lucius Annaeus (c.5 BC–AD 65)
entry |2 pages
Sense-data
entry |1 pages
Sextus Empiricus
entry |1 pages
Shaftesbury, Earl of (1671–1713)
entry |2 pages
Sidgwick, Henry (1828–1900)
entry |1 pages
Siger of Brabant (c.1235–81)
entry |1 pages
Singer, Peter (1946– )
entry |2 pages
Smith, Adam (1723–90)
entry |1 pages
Social Contract
entry |4 pages
Socrates (469–399 BC)
entry |1 pages
Solipsism
entry |2 pages
Sophists
entry |1 pages
Speech Acts
entry |1 pages
Spencer, Herbert (1820–1903)
entry |2 pages
Speusippus
entry |4 pages
Spinoza, Benedict de (1632–77)
entry |1 pages
Stevenson, Charles Leslie (1908–79)
entry |1 pages
Stewart, Dugald (1753–1828)
entry |5 pages
Stoicism
entry |1 pages
Strawson, Peter Frederick (1919– )
entry |3 pages
Structuralism
entry |1 pages
Subjectivism
entry |1 pages
Substance
entry |1 pages
Syllogism
entry |1 pages
Synthetic
letter 374T|8 pages
entry |1 pages
Tarski, Alfred (1902–83)
entry |1 pages
Taylor, Alfred Edward (1869–1945)
entry |1 pages
Taylor, Charles (1931– )
entry |1 pages
Teleological Argument
entry |1 pages
Thales of Miletus
entry |4 pages
Theism
entry |1 pages
Theophrastus (c.370–c.286 BC)
entry |1 pages
Thomism
entry |1 pages
Thomas of Sutton
entry |1 pages
Toulmin, Stephen Edelston (1922– )
entry |1 pages
Transcendent
entry |1 pages
Transcendental Arguments
entry |3 pages
Translation
entry |2 pages
Truth
entry |1 pages
Turing, Alan (1912–54)
letter 382U|5 pages
entry |3 pages
Universals
entry |1 pages
Urmson, James O. (1915– )
entry |3 pages
Utilitarianism
letter 387V|2 pages
entry |1 pages
Vaihinger, Hans (1852–1933)
entry |1 pages
Vegetarianism
entry |1 pages
Venn, John (1834–1923)
entry |1 pages
Verification Principle
entry |1 pages
Vienna Circle
entry |2 pages
Vitoria, Francisco de (c.1490–1546)
entry |1 pages
Virtue Ethics
entry |1 pages
Voltaire, François-Marie Arouet de (1694–1778)
letter 389W|10 pages
entry |1 pages
Ward, James (1843–1925)
entry |1 pages
Weil, Simone (1909–43)
entry |2 pages
Whewell, William (1794–1866)
entry |3 pages
Whitehead,Alfred North (1861– 1947)
entry |2 pages
William of Ockham (c.1285–1347)
entry |1 pages
Williams, Bernard A. O. (1929–2003)
entry |1 pages
Wilson, John Cook (1849–1915)
entry |2 pages
Wisdom, (Arthur) John Terence Dibben (1904–93)
entry |5 pages
Wittgenstein, Ludwig Josef Johann (1889–1951)
entry |1 pages
Wolff, Christian (1679–1750)
letter 399X|1 pages
entry |1 pages
Xenophanes
letter 400Z|1 pages
entry |1 pages
Zeno of Citium (c.333–262 BC)
entry |1 pages
Zeno of Elea
