The Routledge Encyclopedia of Research Methods in Applied Linguistics

A-B-A designs

Abductive approach

Absolutism

Abstract section of reports

Accidental sampling

Action research

Alternative hypothesis (H1)

Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA)

Analysis of variance (ANOVA)

Analytic adequacy

Analytic induction

Analytic memos

Anonymity

Aparadigmatic stance

Applied vs. basic research

A priori themes

Archival records

Arithmetic average

Association, strength of

Attributes in quantitative research

Attrition

Audit trail

Axial coding

Axiology

Bar chart or bar graph

Bartlett test

Baseline

Bell-shaped curve

Between-groups designs

Between-strategies mixed-method data collection

Biased sample

Biographical research

Biserial correlation (rbi)

Bivariate analysis

Bonferroni procedure

Bootstrapping

Bracketing

Canonical correlation

Case study

Categorical data

Categorical strategies

Categorical variables

Causal-comparative research (Ex-post facto research)

Causal mechanisms

Causal model of explanation

Causal relationship

Ceiling effect

Census study

Central limit theorem

Chain sampling

Cherry picking

Chi-square (χ2)

Classroom-based research

Closed-ended questions

Cluster analysis

Cluster sampling

Coding

Coding scheme

Coefficient of determination

Cohen's d

Cohen's kappa (k)

Cohort study

Collaborative action research

Compatibility thesis

Complementarity purpose in mixed-methods research (MMR)

Complementary strengths thesis

Computer-assisted qualitative data analysis software (CAQDAS)

Conceptual framework

Conceptualisation stage

Conclusions section of reports

Concurrent mixed-methods designs

Concurrent nested designs

Concurrent triangulation mixed-methods design

Concurrent validity

Confidence interval

Confidentiality

Confirmability

Confirmatory factor analysis

Confirmatory research

Confounding variable

Consent, informed

Constant

Constant comparison or constant comparative method

Constructivism

(Social) Constructionism

Constructs

Construct validity

Content analysis

Content validity

Contextualising (holistic) strategies

Contingency table

Continuous variables

Contrast principle

Control group

Control variables

Convenience sampling

Convergent mixed-method studies

Convergent validity

Conversation analysis (CA)

Conversion mixed data analysis

Conversion mixed designs

Corpora

Corpus linguistics

Correlation

Correlation coefficient

Correlation matrix

Correlational research

Counterbalancing

Covariance

Credibility

Credibility audits

Criterion-related validity

Critical case sampling

Critical ethnography

Critical incident technique (CIT)

Critical realism

Critical realism and mixed-methods research

Critical theory

Critical value

Cronbach's alpha

Cross-sectional research

Cross-tabulation

Cultural relativism

Data

Data analysis

Databases

Data conversion (transformation)

Data/measurement reliability

Data/measurement validity

Data mining

Data quality

Data saturation

Data triangulation

DCT

Debriefing

Deconstructionism

Deductive approach

Deductive hypothesis

Degrees of freedom (df)

Delayed posttest

Delphi method

Dependability

Dependent t-test

Dependent variable

Descriptive research

Descriptive statistics

Design fidelity (adequacy)

Design quality in mixed-methods research

Design section of research reports

Design suitability (appropriateness)

Development purpose in mixed-methods research

Deviant case analysis

Deviation, standard

Dialectical thesis

Dichotomous variables

Directional hypothesis

Directional test of significance

Direct observation

Discourse analysis

Discourse completion task

Discriminant function analysis (DFA)

Discriminant validity

Discussion section of reports

Dispersion, measures

Dominant-status concurrent design

Dominant-status sequential designs

Double-barreled questions

Effect size

Effect size in qualitative research

Embedded (nested) mixed-methods research design

Emergent themes

Emic perspective

Empiricism

Epistemology

Epoche

Erklären

Error of measurement

Ethics

Ethnography

Ethnomethodology

Etic perspective

Evaluation research

Evidence

Expansion purpose in mixed-methods research

Experimental designs

Experimental group

Explanatory concurrent mixed-methods research designs

Explanatory research

Explanatory sequential designs in mixed-methods research

Exploratory research

Exploratory sequential designs in mixed-methods research (MMR)

External validity

Extraneous variables

Face validity

Factor analysis

Factorial designs

Falsifiability

Field notes

Fieldwork or field study

Floor effect

Focus group interviews

Formative evaluation

Friedman t-test

F test

Fully integrated mixed designs

Fundamental principle of mixed-methods research (MMR)

Fused data analysis

Generalisability

General linear model (GLM)

Genre analysis

Grounded theory

H0

H1

Halo effect

Hawthorne effect

Hermeneutics

Histogram

Homogeneous sampling

Homoscedasticity

Hypotheses

Hypothesis testing

Idealism

Ideographic methods

Ideographic statements

Incommensurable paradigms

Incompatibility thesis

Independent t-test

Independent variables

Indexicality

Inductive approach

Inductive hypothesis

Inference

Inference process

Inference quality

Inference transferability

Inferential stage

Inferential statistics

Informant checking

Informed consent

Initial coding

Initiation purpose in mixed-methods research

Instruments

Intact groups

Integrative efficacy

Integrative framework for inference quality and transferability

Intensity sampling

Inter-coder (rater, observer) reliability

Internal consistency

Internal validity

Internet

Interpretive agreement

Interpretive consistency

Interpretive (integrative) correspondence

Interpretive distinctiveness

Interpretive paradigm

Interpretive rigour in mixed-methods research (MMR)

Intersubjectivity

Intertextuality

Interval scale

Intervening variables

Interview bias

Interview protocol (guide)

Interviews

Introduction section of research reports

Introspective data collection

Investigator triangulation

Item analysis

Iterative sequential mixed-methods research designs

John Henry effect

Kruskal–Wallis test

Kuder–Richardson 20 & 21 (KR-20 & 21)

Kurtosis

Latent variable

Legitimation model

Level of analysis

Level of measurement

Level of significance

Life history interviews

Likert scale

Linear regression

Line graph

Linguistic ethnography

Literature review

Logistic regression

Longitudinal research

Mann–Whitney U test

Matrix of data collection strategies

Maximum variation sampling

Mean

Measurement scale

Measures of central tendency

Measures of variability or dispersion

Median

Member checking

Member validation

Memoing

Memo writing

Meta-analysis

Meta-inference

Methodological stage

Methodological triangulation

Methods section of research reports

Mixed methodology

Mixed-methods data analysis

Mixed-methods design

Mixed-methods monostrand designs

Mixed-methods multistrand designs

Mixed-methods research (MMR)

Mixed-methods sampling techniques

Mode

Moderator variables

Monomethod designs

Monomethod monostrand designs

Monostrand conversion designs (simple conversion designs)

Monostrand designs

Multicollinearity

Multilevel mixed data analysis

Multilevel mixed designs

Multilevel mixed-methods sampling

Multimodal distribution

Multimodality

Multiperspectival methodology

Multiple correlations

Multiple paradigms thesis

Multiple regression

Multistrand designs

Multitrait-multimethod approach

Multivariate analysis

Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA)

Naïve realism

Narrative inquiry

Naturalism

Naturalistic inquiry

Negative case analysis

Negative case sampling

Negatively skewed distribution

Network sampling

Nominal scale or measurement

Nomothetic methods

Nomothetic statements

Nondirectional test

Nonparametric tests

Nonparticipant observation

Nonprobability sampling

Nonreactive observations

Nonstructured interview

Normal distribution

Null hypothesis

NVivo

Objectivity

Ockham's razor

Ontology

Open coding

Open-ended questions

Operational definition

Operationalisation

Opportunistic sampling

Ordinal scale

Orientational research

Outliers

Paired-samples t-test

Panel study

Paradigm

Parallel mixed data analysis

Parallel mixed-methods designs

Parallel mixed-methods sampling

Parameters

Parametric tests

Parsimony principle

Partial correlation

Partially structured interview

Participant observation

Participants

Path analysis

Pearson correlation coefficient (Pearson r)

Pearson product-moment correlation (r)

Phenomenography

Phenomenology

Phi (φ) correlation

Pie chart

Pilot study

Point-biserial correlation

Population

Positively skewed distribution

Positivism (Positivist paradigm)

(Post)positivism

Post hoc tests

Posttest-only design

Posttests

Pragmatism

Predictive validity

Pre(non)-experimental designs

Pretests

Primary sources

Probability sampling

Probing

Problem of induction

Problem of verification

Procedures section of research reports

Program evaluation

Proposals

Propositional knowledge

Purpose section of research reports

Purposive sampling

P-value

Q methodology

Qualitative data analysis

Qualitative research

Qualitising

Quantification

Quantitative data analysis

Quantitative research

Quantitising

Quasi-experimental research design

Questionnaires

Questionnaire survey

Quota sampling

R

R

R2

Random assignment

Randomisation

Random sampling

Random selection

Range

Ratio scale

Rbi

Realism

Reanalysis/secondary analysis

References section of research reports

Reflexive methodology

Reflexivity

Register analysis

Regression analysis

Regression line

Reliability

Repeated measures design

Replication studies

Representation

Representative sample

Research design

Research diary/research log

Research hypothesis

Research journal

Research methodology

Research methods

Research paradigm

Research problem

Research proposals

Research questions

Respondent validation

Response rate

Results section of research reports

Rpbi

Rxx

Rxy

R2xy

Sample

Sample size

Sampling error

Sampling frame

Sampling procedure

Scatterplot

Scheffe test

Scientific method

SD

Search engine

Secondary sources

Selective coding

Self-report log

Sem

Semantic differential scale

Semiotic research

Semistructured interviews

Sequential explanatory mixed-methods designs

Sequential exploratory mixed-methods designs

Sequential mixed data analysis

Sequential mixed-methods designs

Sequential mixed-methods sampling

Significance level

Similarity principle

Simple random sampling

Simultaneous mixed-methods designs

Single paradigm thesis

Skewness

Snowball sampling

Social desirability bias

Social Science Citation Index (SSCI)

Solomon design of experiments

Spearman rank-order correlation

Spearman–Brown formula

Split-half reliability

SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences)

Standard deviation

Standard error of measurement

Standard/standardised scores

Statistical significance

Statistic(s)

Statistical tests of significance

Stimulated-recall interviews

Strand of a mixed-methods research design

Stratified sampling

Structural equation modeling

Structuralism

Structured interviews

Structured observation

Subjectivity

Summative evaluation

Survey research

Symbolic interactionism

Systematic sampling

Temporal transferability

Test of significance

Test reliability

Test–retest reliability

Tetrachoric correlation (rt)

Text analysis

Textography

Thematic analysis

Theme

Theoretical consistency

Theoretical framework

Theoretical sampling

Theory

Thick description

Think-aloud protocols

Thurstone scale

Time-series design

Traits

Transcription

Transferability

Transformative-emancipatory paradigm

Transparency

Treatment group

Trend study

Triangulation

Triangulation purpose in mixed-methods research (MMR)

True experimental design

True score

Trustworthiness

T-score

T-test

Tukey (HSD) test

Two-tailed test

Type I error

Type II error

Unimodal distribution

Unit of analysis

Univariate analyses

Unstructured interviews

Unstructured observation

Validity

Variability

Variables

Variance

Verifiability principle of meaning (verification principle)

Verisimilitude

Verstehen vs. Erklären

Vignettes

Visual ethnography

Warrant

Wilcoxon signed-ranks test

Within-design consistency in mixed-methods research (MMR)

Within-group designs

Within-strategies mixed-methods data collection

World Wide Web (WWW)

Yates' correction

Z-score